|
Nanocellulose (Vol II) Production Technologies
|
| |
|
Nanocellulose from Techno-economic Perspective
|
| |
Author: Dr Mahendra Patel, Pub. Industrypaper, 2026
ISBN No.: 978-81923542-8-6
|
| |
|
Nanocellulose is one of the most fascinating research subjects currently in the scientific world because of its potential to replace materials based on fossil fuels. It is made from the abundantly available lignocellulosic materials, namely, the trees and crops. This nano-dimensional material possesses strength as high as that of steel or carbon fibre and can impart superior properties to many materials, such as transparency, surface area, thermal stability, having applications in pulp and paper, biomedical, food, cosmetics, textile, cement, electronics and in many other fields.
|
| |
|
|
|
The pulp and paper industry plays an important role in the development of nanocellulose from plant materials, which are the same for paper manufacturing, namely, hardwoods, softwoods, agro-residues and even recycled fibre.
Though nanocellulose has crossed the boundary from laboratory to industrial scale, refining and optimizing the present processes are essential to reduce the cost of production and bring in improvement in many properties. The earlier book on Nanocellulose discussed the various raw materials and their processing to obtain the purified cellulose, starting with the molecular and supra structural structures of cellulose.
This book is devoted to the Technology part to produce Nanocellulose, elaborating on the existing plant-scale technologies and simultaneously assessing the developing techniques for industrial production, each chapter concluded by an assessment report for amenability to industrial production.
|
|
| |
While the major emphasis of this book is on industrial production, all other processes and techniques are supplemented by theoretical parts such as chemical reactions, kinetics, mechanisms with structural and morphological aspects.
The contents are in eight sections with 31 chapters classified for Chemical, Mechanical, Biotechnological and Industrial production as follows:
Section I: Introduction and overview
Section II: Chemical treatments: Acid hydrolysis with sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric and hydrobromic and organic acids.
Section III: Chemical treatments: Catalysts and Oxidants: Metal catalysts, TEMPO oxidation, Periodate and Ammonium persulphate oxidation.
Section IV: Chemical treatments: Green chemicals: Ionic liquids, Deep eutectic solvents, Subcritical water.
Section V: Mechanical treatments: Conventional: Homogenisation, Microfluidisation and Grinding techniques.
Section VII: Enzymatic and Radiation-based technologies: Enzymatic hydrolysis, Bacterial nanocellulose and Radiation-based techniques.
Section VIII: Industrial production
|
| |
|
Brief Contents – Vol I: Raw Materials
|
| |
Section I: Introduction & Overview
Ch.1 Introduction ........................................ 1
Ch.2 Overview ........................................ 9
CHEMICAL TREATMENT
Section II: Production of CNC through Acid Hydrolysis Process
Ch.3 Sulphuric acid hydrolysis ........................................ 34
Ch.4 Hydrochloric Acid Hydrolysis ........................................ 89
Ch.5 Hydrolysis with Phosphoric Acid and its Derivatives ........................................ 105
Ch.5.10 Phosphotungstic acid ........................................ 117
Ch.5.11 Zn phosphate catalyst ........................................ 119
Ch.6 Hydrolysis with Nitric and Hydrobromic Acids ........................................ 123
Ch.6.3 Hydrobromic acid ........................................ 130
Ch.7 Hydrolysis with Organic Acids ........................................ 136
Section III: CNC Production through Catalysts and Oxidants
Ch.8 Metal Catalysts ........................................ 160
Ch.9 TEMPO-mediated Oxidation ........................................ 171
Ch.10 Periodate Oxidation ........................................ 191
Ch.11 Ammonium Persulphate Oxidation ........................................ 214
Section IV: CNC Production using Green Chemicals
Ch.12 Ionic Liquid Process ........................................ 233
Ch.13 Deep Eutectic Solvent ........................................ 259
Ch.14 Subcritical Water ........................................ 276
MECHANICAL TREATMENT
Section V: CNF Production using Mechanical Treatments
Ch.15 Mechanical Treatments – Conventional Mechanical Processes ........................................ 290
Ch.16 Homogenization Technology ........................................ 308
Ch.17 Microfluidizer ........................................ 323
Ch.18 Grinding ........................................ 338
Section VI: Nonconventional and Green Technologies
Ch.19 Ball Milling ........................................ 358
Ch.20 Refiner ........................................ 384
Ch.21 Cryocrushing ........................................ 403
Ch.22 Blending ........................................ 411
Ch.23 Screw Extrusion ........................................ 416
Ch.24 Ultrasonication ........................................ 439
Ch.25 Aqueous Counter Collision ........................................ 474
Ch.26 Steam Explosion ........................................ 489
Ch.27 Ion Exchange Resin ........................................ 513
ENZYMATIC & RADIATION-BASED TREATMENTS
Section VII
Ch.28 Enzymatic Hydrolysis ........................................ 520
Ch.29 Bacterial Nanocellulose ........................................ 555
Ch.30 Radiation-Based Treatment ........................................ 609
Section VIII: INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION
Ch.31 Industrial Production of Nanocellulose ........................................ 630
Ch.32 Nanocellulose Producer & Product Profiles ........................................ 644
|
|